Tare da turawa zuwa makamashi mai tsabta da karuwar buƙatun motocin lantarki, masana'antun suna buƙatar batura - musamman baturan lithium-ion - fiye da kowane lokaci.Misalai na saurin canzawa zuwa motocin da ke ba da batir suna ko'ina: Ma'aikatar Wasikun Amurka ta sanar aƙalla 40% na Motocin Bayarwa na gaba da sauran motocin kasuwanci za su zama motocin lantarki, Amazon ya fara amfani da motocin isar Rivian a cikin biranen dozin fiye da goma, kuma Walmart ya aiwatar da yarjejeniyar siyan motocin isar da wutar lantarki guda 4,500.Tare da kowane ɗayan waɗannan juzu'ai, nau'in sarkar samar da batura yana ƙaruwa.Wannan labarin zai ba da bayyani na masana'antar baturi na lithium-ion da al'amuran sarkar samar da kayayyaki da ke shafar samarwa da makomar waɗannan batura.
I. Batir Lithium-ion Bayanin Batir
Masana'antar batirin lithium-ion sun dogara kacokan akan hakar albarkatun kasa da samar da batura-dukansu biyun suna da rauni ga tsangwama ga sarkar.
Batirin lithium-ion galibi sun ƙunshi abubuwa huɗu masu mahimmanci: cathode, anode, separator, da electrolyte, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 1. A babban matakin, cathode (bangaren da ke samar da ions lithium) ya ƙunshi lithium oxide.1 An yi amfani da anode (bangaren da ke adana ions lithium) gabaɗaya daga graphite.Electrolyte matsakaici ne wanda ke ba da izinin motsi na ion lithium wanda ya ƙunshi gishiri, kaushi, da ƙari.A ƙarshe, mai rarraba shine cikakken shinge tsakanin cathode da anode.
Cathode shine muhimmin bangaren da ya dace da wannan labarin saboda wannan shine inda al'amuran sarkar samar da kayayyaki zasu iya tasowa.Abubuwan da ke cikin cathode sun dogara sosai akan aikace-aikacen baturin.2
Abubuwan da ake buƙata Aikace-aikacen
Wayoyin Hannu
Kamara
Kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka Cobalt da Lithium
Kayan Aikin Wuta
Kayan aikin likita Manganese da Lithium
or
Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese da lithium
or
Phosphate da lithium
Ganin yadda ake yaɗuwa da kuma ci gaba da buƙatar sabbin wayoyin hannu, kyamarori, da kwamfutoci, cobalt da lithium sune mafi mahimmancin albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da batura na lithium-ion kuma tuni suna fuskantar katsewar sarkar samar da kayayyaki a yau.
Akwai matakai masu mahimmanci guda uku a cikin samar da batirin lithium-ion: (1) hako ma'adinai don albarkatun ƙasa, (2) tace albarkatun ƙasa, da (3) samarwa da kera batir ɗin da kansu.A kowane ɗayan waɗannan matakan, akwai batutuwan sarkar samar da kayayyaki waɗanda yakamata a magance su yayin tattaunawar kwangila maimakon jiran batutuwan da suka taso yayin aikin samarwa.
II.Matsalolin Sarkar Kaya a cikin Masana'antar Batir
A. Production
A halin yanzu kasar Sin ta mamaye tsarin samar da batir na lithium-ion na duniya, inda ta ke samar da kashi 79% na dukkan batirin lithium-ion da suka shiga kasuwannin duniya a shekarar 2021.3 kasar ta kara sarrafa kashi 61% na tace lithium na duniya na ajiyar batir da motocin lantarki4 da 100% na sarrafa batir. Na halitta graphite amfani da baturi anodes.5 kasar Sin rinjaye matsayi a cikin lithium-ion baturi masana'antu da kuma hade da rare duniya abubuwa ne da damuwa ga kamfanoni da gwamnatoci.
COVID-19, yaki a Ukraine, da tashin hankali na geopolitical zai ci gaba da shafar sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta duniya.Kamar kowace masana'antu, bangaren makamashi ya kasance kuma zai ci gaba da yin tasiri ta wadannan abubuwan.Cobalt, lithium, da nickel-mahimman kayan a cikin samar da batura-ana fallasa su ga haɗarin sarkar samar da kayayyaki saboda samarwa da sarrafa su sun fi mayar da hankali kan yanki kuma suna mamaye hukunce-hukuncen da ake zargi da keta haƙƙin aiki da haƙƙin ɗan adam.Don ƙarin bayani, duba labarinmu kan Sarrafar Rushewar Sarkar Bayarwa a cikin Zamani na Hadarin Geopolitical.
Ita ma kasar Argentina tana kan gaba wajen hada-hadar samar da lithium a duniya domin a halin yanzu tana da kashi 21 cikin 100 na ma'adanan kasa da ma'adinai biyu kacal ke aiki. kara yin tasiri a cikin sarkar samar da lithium, tare da nakiyoyin da aka tsara na goma sha uku da yuwuwar wasu da dama a cikin ayyukan.
Haka kuma kasashen Turai na kara yawan samar da su, inda kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ke shirin zama na biyu a yawan samar da batir lithium-ion a duniya nan da shekarar 2025 da kashi 11% na karfin samar da wutar lantarki a duniya.7
Duk da ƙoƙarin da aka yi na baya-bayan nan, 8 Amurka ba ta da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci a aikin hakar ma'adinai ko tace karafa na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba.Saboda haka, Amurka ta dogara kacokan akan kafofin ketare don samar da batura lithium-ion.A cikin watan Yuni 2021, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE) ta buga bita kan sarkar samar da batir mai girma kuma ta ba da shawarar kafa samar da makamashi na cikin gida da iya sarrafa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don tallafawa cikakken sarkar samar da batir na cikin gida. fasahohin sun dogara sosai kan hanyoyin da ba su da tsaro da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙasashen waje-wanda ke buƙatar haɓaka cikin gida na masana'antar batir.10 A cikin martani, DOE ta ba da sanarwa biyu na niyya a cikin Fabrairu 2022 don samar da dala biliyan 2.91 don haɓaka samar da batir lithium-ion na Amurka waɗanda ke da mahimmanci. haɓaka fannin makamashi.11 DOE na da niyyar ba da kuɗin tacewa da samar da shuke-shuke don kayan batir, wuraren sake amfani da su, da sauran wuraren masana'antu.
Sabuwar fasaha kuma za ta canza yanayin samar da baturin lithium-ion.Lilac Solutions, wani kamfani na farawa da ke California, yana ba da fasahar da za ta iya dawo da 12 har zuwa ninki biyu na lithium fiye da hanyoyin gargajiya.13 Hakazalika, Princeton NuEnergy wata mafari ce wacce ta samar da hanya mara tsada, mai dorewa don kera sabbin batura daga tsoffin batura.14 Ko da yake irin wannan sabuwar fasaha za ta sauƙaƙa ƙullun sarkar samar da kayayyaki, ba ta canza gaskiyar cewa samar da batirin lithium-ion ya dogara sosai kan samar da albarkatun ƙasa ba.Abin lura shi ne cewa samar da lithium da ake samarwa a duniya ya ta'allaka ne a kasashen Chile, Australia, Argentina, da Sin.15 Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 2 da ke kasa, mai yiwuwa a ci gaba da dogaro da kayayyakin da ake samu daga kasashen waje na 'yan shekaru masu zuwa har sai an ci gaba da bunkasar tattalin arzikin kasar. fasahar baturi wadda ba ta dogara da ƙananan karafa na duniya ba.
Hoto 2: Tushen samar da Lithium na gaba
B. Farashin
A cikin wani labarin daban, Foley's Lauren Loew ya tattauna yadda hauhawar farashin lithium ke nuna karuwar buƙatun batir, tare da hauhawar farashin fiye da 900% tun daga 2021.16 Waɗannan hauhawar farashin suna ci gaba yayin da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ke ci gaba da kasancewa a kowane lokaci.Tashin farashin batir lithium-ion, tare da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, tuni ya haifar da hauhawar farashin motocin lantarki.Don ƙarin bayani game da tasirin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a kan sarkar samar da kayayyaki, duba kasidarmu Haɓaka Haushi: Hanyoyi huɗu masu mahimmanci don Kamfanoni don magance hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a cikin sarkar samarwa.
Masu yanke shawara za su so su san tasirin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a kan kwangilolin su da suka shafi baturan lithium-ion."A cikin ingantattun kasuwannin ajiyar makamashi, kamar Amurka, farashi mai yawa ya haifar da wasu masu haɓaka suna neman sake yin shawarwari kan farashin kwangila tare da masu laifi.Wannan tattaunawa na iya ɗaukar lokaci da jinkirta ƙaddamar da aikin."in ji Helen Kou, abokiyar ajiyar makamashi a kamfanin bincike BloombergNEF.17
C. Sufuri/Labarai
Ana sarrafa batirin lithium-ion azaman abu mai haɗari a ƙarƙashin Dokokin Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (DOT) Material Materials ta Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka da Gudanar da Tsaron Kayayyakin Kaya (PHMSA).Ba kamar daidaitattun batura ba, yawancin baturan lithium-ion sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu ƙonewa kuma suna da ƙarfin ƙarfin gaske.Sakamakon haka, baturan lithium-ion na iya yin zafi da ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kamar gajeriyar kewayawa, lalacewa ta jiki, ƙira mara kyau, ko haɗuwa.Da zarar an kunna wuta, tantanin halitta na lithium da wutar baturi na iya zama da wahala a kashe su.18 A sakamakon haka, kamfanoni suna buƙatar sanin haɗarin da ke tattare da su tare da tantance matakan da suka dace yayin gudanar da mu'amalar da ta shafi baturan lithium-ion.
Har ya zuwa yau, babu wani cikakken bincike da zai tabbatar da ko motocin da ke amfani da wutar lantarki sun fi saurin kamuwa da gobarar kwatsam idan aka kwatanta da motocin gargajiya.19 Bincike ya nuna cewa motocin da ke amfani da wutar lantarki suna da damar kunna wuta da kashi 0.03%, idan aka kwatanta da injunan konewa na gargajiya da kashi 1.5% na damar kunna wuta. .20 Motoci masu haɗaka-waɗanda ke da babban baturi da injin konewa na ciki-suna da mafi girman yuwuwar gobarar abin hawa a 3.4%.21
A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2022, wani jirgin dakon kaya dauke da motoci kusan 4,000 daga Jamus zuwa Amurka ya kama wuta a tekun Atlantika.Duk da cewa babu wata sanarwa a hukumance dangane da lalacewar motocin gargajiya da na lantarki da ke cikin jirgin, da motocin batirin lithium-ion sun sa wutar ta yi wahala a kashe su.
III.Kammalawa
Yayin da duniya ke matsawa zuwa mafi tsaftataccen makamashi, tambayoyi da batutuwan da suka shafi sarkar samarwa za su yi girma.Ya kamata a magance waɗannan tambayoyin da wuri-wuri kafin aiwatar da kowace kwangila.Idan ku ko kamfanin ku kuna cikin ma'amaloli inda baturan lithium-ion wani abu ne, akwai manyan matsalolin sarkar samar da kayayyaki waɗanda yakamata a magance su da wuri yayin tattaunawar game da samun albarkatun ƙasa da batutuwan farashi.Dangane da ƙayyadaddun wadatar albarkatun ƙasa da rikitattun abubuwan da ke tattare da haɓaka ma'adinan lithium, yakamata kamfanoni su nemi wasu hanyoyi don samun lithium da sauran mahimman abubuwan.Kamfanonin da ke dogaro da baturan lithium-ion yakamata su kimanta da saka hannun jari a fasahar da ke da karfin tattalin arziki da kuma kara karfin aiki da sake yin amfani da wadannan batura don gujewa al'amuran sarkar samarwa.A madadin, kamfanoni na iya shiga yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa don lithium.Koyaya, idan aka ba da dogaro mai nauyi akan ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙasa don samar da batirin lithium-ion, yakamata kamfanoni suyi la'akari sosai da samar da karafa da sauran batutuwan da zasu iya shafar hakar ma'adinai da tacewa, kamar batutuwan geopolitical.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-24-2022