Me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ikehu maʻemaʻe a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi no nā kaʻa uila, pono nā mea hana i nā ʻeke - ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pā lithium-ion - ma mua o ka wā.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana i nā kaʻa uila i nā wahi āpau: ua hoʻolaha ka United States Postal Service ma kahi o 40% o kāna Next Generation Delivery Vehicles a me nā kaʻa kalepa ʻē aʻe e lilo i mau kaʻa uila, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Amazon e hoʻohana i nā kaʻa lawe Rivian ma nā kūlanakauhale he ʻumikūmālua. a ua hoʻokō ʻo Walmart i kahi ʻaelike e kūʻai aku i 4,500 mau kaʻa lawe uila.Me kēlā me kēia o kēia mau hoʻololi ʻana, e piʻi aʻe ana ke koʻikoʻi o ke kaulahao hoʻolako.E hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kahi ʻike o ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium-ion a me nā pilikia hoʻolako i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hana ʻana a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o kēia mau pā.
I. Lithium-Ion Nānā Manaʻo
Ke hilinaʻi nui nei ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium-ion i ka eli ʻana o nā mea maka a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻeke-ʻelua mau mea palupalu i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke kaulahao.
ʻO ka nui o nā pahu lithium-ion he ʻehā mau mea nui: he cathode, anode, separator, a me ka electrolyte, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1. Ma kahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka cathode (ka mea hana i nā lithium ions) i haku ʻia me ka lithium oxide.1 Hana ʻia ka anode (ka mea e mālama ai i nā ion lithium) mai ka graphite.ʻO ka electrolyte kahi mea e hiki ai i ka neʻe manuahi o nā ion lithium i haku ʻia me nā paʻakai, nā solvents, a me nā mea hoʻohui.ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka mea hoʻokaʻawale ka pale paʻa ma waena o ka cathode a me ka anode.
ʻO ka cathode ka mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala no ka mea ʻo ia kahi e kū mai ai nā pilikia kaulahao.ʻO ke ʻano o ka cathode e hilinaʻi nui ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pākaukau.2
Noi i na mea e pono ai
Kelepona kelepona
Nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi
Laptops Cobalt a me Lithium
Nā mea hana mana
Lako Lapaau Manganese a me Lithium
or
Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese a me Lithium
or
Phosphate a me Lithium
Ma muli o ka laha a me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka noi no nā kelepona kelepona hou, nā kāmela, a me nā kamepiula, ʻo ka cobalt a me ka lithium nā mea waiwai nui loa i ka hana ʻana i nā pā lithium-ion a ke alo nei i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kaulahao i kēia lā.
ʻEkolu mau ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōhua lithium-ion: (1) ka ʻeli ʻana no nā mea maka, (2) ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā mea maka, a (3) ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā pila iā lākou iho.Ma kēlā me kēia pae, aia nā pilikia pili i ke kaulahao e pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka wā o ke kūkākūkā aelike ma mua o ke kali ʻana i nā pilikia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana.
II.Nā Pilikia Hoʻolako i loko o ka ʻoihana Bateri
A. Hana ʻia
Ke hoʻomalu nei ʻo Kina i ke kaulahao lako pākaukau lithium-ion honua, e hana ana i ka 79% o nā pākahi lithium-ion āpau i komo i ka mākeke honua i ka makahiki 2021. o ka graphite kūlohelohe i hoʻohana ʻia no nā anodes pākaukau.5 ʻO ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o Kina i ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium-ion a me nā mea pili honua laha ʻole ke kumu e hopohopo ai nā hui a me nā aupuni.
ʻO COVID-19, ke kaua ma Ukraine, a me ka haunaele geopolitical hiki ʻole ke hoʻomau i ka hopena i nā kaulahao lako honua.E like me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻia ka ʻoihana ikehu e kēia mau mea.ʻO ka Cobalt, ka lithium, a me ka nickel—nā mea koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā pila—ua ʻike ʻia i nā pilikia o ke kaulahao no ka mea ʻo ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻomalu ʻia e nā mana i ʻōlelo ʻia e uhaki i ka hana a me nā pono kanaka.No ka ʻike hou aku, e ʻike i kā mākou ʻatikala ma ka Managing Supply Chain Disruption in an Era of Geopolitical Risk.
Aia hoʻi ʻo Argentina ma ke poʻo o ka hakakā honua no ka lithium no ka mea ʻo ia ka 21% o nā mālama mālama honua me ʻelua mau mines e hana ana. hoʻoikaika hou aku i ke kaulahao hoʻolako lithium, me nā mines i hoʻolālā ʻia he ʻumikumamākolu a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana.
Ke hoʻonui nei hoʻi nā ʻāina ʻEulopa i kā lākou hana, me ka European Union i mākaukau e lilo i ka lua o ka mea hana nui loa o nā pākahi lithium-ion ma ka honua e 2025 me 11% o ka mana hana honua.7
ʻOiai ʻo nā hoʻāʻo hou ʻana, 8 ʻaʻohe mea nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka ʻeli ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā metala honua.Ma muli o kēia, ke hilinaʻi nui nei ʻo ʻAmelika i nā kumu ʻē aʻe e hana i nā pākahi lithium-ion.I Iune 2021, ua paʻi ka US Department of Energy (DOE) i kahi loiloi o ke kaulahao lako pākaukau nui a manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokumu i ka hana hale a me ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā mea koʻikoʻi no ke kākoʻo ʻana i kahi kaulahao lako pākaukau hale piha.9 Ua hoʻoholo ka DOE i ka nui o ka ikehu. ua hilinaʻi nui ʻia nā ʻenehana i nā kumu ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole palekana a paʻa ʻole - pono ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana pākaukau. e ulu ana i ka ʻāpana ikehu.11 Manaʻo ka DOE e hāʻawi kālā i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hana ʻana no nā mea pākaukau, nā mea hana hou, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe.
E hoʻololi hoʻi ka ʻenehana hou i ka ʻāina o ka hana ʻana i ka pā lithium-ion.Hāʻawi ʻo Lilac Solutions, kahi hui hoʻomaka ma Kaleponi, i ka ʻenehana hiki ke hoʻihoʻi 12 a hiki i ka pālua ka nui o ka lithium ma mua o nā ʻano kuʻuna. ʻOiai ʻo kēia ʻano ʻenehana hou e hōʻoluʻolu i ka bottleneck chain supply, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hana ʻana o ka pākaukau lithium-ion i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai maka.Ke waiho nei ka laina lalo o ka hana lithium o ka honua i kēia manawa ma Chile, Australia, Argentina, a me Kina.15 E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 2 ma lalo nei, e hoʻomau ʻia ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea waiwai mai nā ʻāina ʻē no nā makahiki e hiki mai ana a hiki i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana. ʻenehana ʻenehana ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i nā metala honua kakaʻikahi.
Kiʻi 2: Nā Puna Hana Hana Lithium e hiki mai ana
B. Kumukuai
Ma kahi ʻatikala ʻokoʻa, ua kūkākūkā ʻo Foley's Lauren Loew i ke ʻano o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka lithium e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o nā koi pākaukau, me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o 900% mai 2021.16 Ke hoʻomau nei kēia mau kumukūʻai i ka wā e mau ana ka piʻi ʻana i ka manawa kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai o nā pā lithium-ion, i hui pū ʻia me ka inflation, ua hoʻonui ʻia i nā kumukūʻai no nā kaʻa uila.No ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana i ka hopena o ka inflation ma ke kaulahao lako, e nana i ka makou 'atikala Inflation Woes: Four Key Ways for Companies to Address Inflation in the Supply Chain.
Makemake nā mea hoʻoholo e ʻike i ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i kā lākou mau ʻaelike e pili ana i nā pā lithium-ion."Ma nā mākeke mālama ikehu i hoʻokumu ʻia, e like me ka US, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau mea hoʻomohala e ʻimi nei e hoʻoponopono hou i nā kumukūʻai aelike me nā mea lawe ʻole.Hiki i kēia mau kūkākūkā hou ke lawe i ka manawa a hoʻopaneʻe i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka papahana. "wahi a Helen Kou, he hoa mālama ikehu ma ka hui noiʻi ʻo BloombergNEF.17
C. Kaʻahele/Pā ahi
Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā pākahi Lithium-ion ma ke ʻano he mea weliweli ma lalo o ka US Department of Transportation's (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations e ka US Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).ʻAʻole e like me nā pākahi maʻamau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pākahi lithium-ion i loaʻa i nā mea hiki ke ahi a loaʻa ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka hopena, hiki i nā pā lithium-ion ke wela a hoʻā i lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, e like me ke kaapuni pōkole, ka pōʻino kino, ka hoʻolālā kūpono ʻole, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana.Ke hoʻā ʻia, hiki ke paʻakikī ke hoʻopau ʻana i ke ahi lithium cell a me ka pā.
I kēia lā, ʻaʻohe noiʻi paʻa e hoʻoholo ai inā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kaʻa uila i ke ahi kūlohelohe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaʻa maʻamau.19 Hōʻike ka noiʻi ʻana he 0.03% wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaʻa uila, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻenekini puhi kuni ma 1.5% ka manawa o ke ahi. .20 ʻO nā kaʻa kaʻa like ʻole—ʻo ia ka mea i loaʻa i kahi pākahiko uila kiʻekiʻe a me kahi ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko—ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ahi i ka 3.4%.21
Ma ka la 16 o Feberuari, 2022, ua wela ka moku ukana e lawe ana ma kahi kokoke i 4,000 mau kaʻa mai Germany a hiki i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke ahi ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika.22 Ma kahi kokoke i ʻelua pule ma hope mai, ua piholo ka moku ukana i waenakonu o ka ʻAkelanika.ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo kūhelu e pili ana i ka haki ʻana o nā kaʻa kuʻuna a me nā kaʻa uila ma luna o ka moku, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaʻa pākahi lithium-ion i ke ahi e pio.
III.Ka hopena
Ke neʻe nei ka honua i ka ikehu maʻemaʻe, e ulu ana nā nīnau a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ke kaulahao lako.Pono e pane koke ʻia kēia mau nīnau ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kekahi ʻaelike.Inā ʻoe a i ʻole kāu ʻoihana e pili ana i nā kālepa kahi o nā pā lithium-ion he mea waiwai, aia nā pilikia nui o ke kaulahao e pono e kamaʻilio mua ʻia i ka wā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu waiwai a me nā pilikia kumu kūʻai.Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea maka a me nā paʻakikī e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mines lithium, pono nā ʻoihana e nānā i nā ala ʻē aʻe no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lithium a me nā mea koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe.Pono nā ʻoihana e hilinaʻi nei i nā pā lithium-ion e loiloi a hoʻolilo i ka ʻenehana i hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai a hoʻonui i ka hiki a me ka hana hou ʻana o kēia mau pila e pale aku i nā pilikia hoʻolako.ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā hui ke komo i nā ʻaelike makahiki he nui no ka lithium.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i nā metala honua laha ʻole e hana i nā pā lithium-ion, pono nā ʻoihana e noʻonoʻo nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā metala a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka mining a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, e like me nā pilikia geopolitical.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-24-2022