Ndi kukankhira ku mphamvu zoyera komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi, opanga amafunikira mabatire - makamaka mabatire a lithiamu-ion - kuposa kale.Zitsanzo za kusintha kwachangu kumagalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi batire kuli paliponse: United States Postal Service yalengeza osachepera 40% ya Next Generation Delivery Vehicles ndi magalimoto ena ogulitsa adzakhala magalimoto amagetsi, Amazon yayamba kugwiritsa ntchito maveni a Rivian m'mizinda yopitilira khumi, ndipo Walmart adachita mgwirizano wogula ma van 4,500 operekera magetsi.Kulikonse kwa matembenuzidwewa, kupsyinjika kwa mayendedwe a mabatire kumakulirakulira.Nkhaniyi ipereka chithunzithunzi cha makampani a batire a lithiamu-ion ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zomwe zimakhudza kupanga ndi tsogolo la mabatire awa.
I. Lithium-Ion Battery Overview
Makampani a batri a lithiamu-ion amadalira kwambiri migodi ya zinthu zopangira ndi kupanga mabatire-onse omwe ali pachiopsezo chosokoneza chain chain.
Mabatire a lithiamu-ion makamaka amakhala ndi zigawo zinayi zofunika kwambiri: cathode, anode, separator, ndi electrolyte, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1. Pamwamba, cathode (gawo lomwe limapanga lithiamu ions) limapangidwa ndi lithiamu oxide.1 Anode (gawo lomwe limasunga ma ion a lithiamu) nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku graphite.Electrolyte ndi sing'anga yomwe imalola kuyenda kwaulere kwa ayoni a lithiamu omwe amapangidwa ndi mchere, zosungunulira, ndi zowonjezera.Pomaliza, olekanitsa ndiye chotchinga mtheradi pakati pa cathode ndi anode.
Cathode ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi chifukwa apa ndipamene nkhani zautundu wamagetsi zimatha kubuka.Kapangidwe ka cathode kumadalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito batire.2
Zinthu Zofunika Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Mafoni a M'manja
Makamera
Malaputopu Cobalt ndi Lithium
Zida Zamagetsi
Zida Zachipatala Manganese ndi Lithiamu
or
Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese ndi Lithium
or
Phosphate ndi Lithium
Chifukwa cha kufalikira ndi kufunikira kwa mafoni atsopano, makamera, ndi makompyuta, cobalt ndi lithiamu ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndipo akukumana kale ndi kusokonezeka kwa chain chain lero.
Pali magawo atatu ofunika kwambiri popanga mabatire a lithiamu-ion: (1) migodi ya zinthu zopangira, (2) kuyenga zopangira, ndi (3) kupanga ndi kupanga mabatire okha.Pazigawo zonsezi, pamakhala nkhani za kasamalidwe kazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa panthawi yokambirana m'malo modikirira kuti zinthu zichitike panthawi yopanga.
II.Mavuto a Supply Chain mkati mwa Battery Industry
A. Kupanga
China pakadali pano ikulamulira padziko lonse lapansi mabatire a lithiamu-ion, ndikupanga 79% ya mabatire onse a lithiamu-ion omwe adalowa pamsika wapadziko lonse mu 2021.3 Ma graphite achilengedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabatire anode.5 Udindo waukulu ku China pamafakitale a batire a lithiamu-ion ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimasokonekera zimadetsa nkhawa makampani ndi maboma.
COVID-19, nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, ndi zipolowe zomwe sizingalephereke zapadziko lonse lapansi zipitilirabe kukhudza unyolo wapadziko lonse lapansi.Monga makampani ena aliwonse, gawo lamagetsi lakhala likukhudzidwa ndipo lidzapitirizabe kukhudzidwa ndi izi.Cobalt, lithiamu, ndi faifi—zida zofunika kwambiri popanga mabatire—zimakhala pachiwopsezo chopereka zinthu chifukwa kupanga ndi kukonza kumakhala kokhazikika komanso kolamulidwa ndi maulamuliro omwe akuti akuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndi ntchito.Kuti mumve zambiri, onani nkhani yathu ya Kuwongolera Kusokonezeka kwa Supply Chain mu Era of Geopolitical Risk.
Argentina ilinso patsogolo pazovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi za lithiamu chifukwa pakadali pano ili ndi 21% ya nkhokwe zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zili ndi migodi iwiri yokha yomwe ikugwira ntchito. kukhudzanso mumayendedwe a lithiamu, ndi migodi khumi ndi itatu yomwe inakonzedwa komanso mwina enanso ambiri pantchitoyo.
Mayiko aku Europe akuwonjezeranso kupanga kwawo, ndi European Union yatsala pang'ono kukhala yachiwiri pakupanga mabatire a lithiamu-ion padziko lonse lapansi pofika chaka cha 2025 ndi 11% ya mphamvu yopangira padziko lonse lapansi.7
Ngakhale kuyesayesa kwaposachedwa, 8 United States ilibe kupezeka kwakukulu pakukumba kapena kuyenga zitsulo zosapezeka padziko lapansi.Chifukwa cha izi, United States imadalira kwambiri magwero akunja kuti apange mabatire a lithiamu-ion.Mu June 2021, Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ku US (DOE) idasindikiza ndemanga yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mabatire omwe ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu ndipo inalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zopangira ndi kukonza zinthu zapakhomo za zipangizo zofunika kwambiri kuti zithandizire mayendedwe a batire apanyumba.9 The DOE inatsimikiza kuti mphamvu zambiri matekinoloje amadalira kwambiri magwero osatetezeka komanso osakhazikika akunja-zomwe zimafunikira kukula kwamakampani a batri.10 Poyankha, DOE idapereka zidziwitso ziwiri za cholinga mu February 2022 kupereka $ 2.91 biliyoni kuti ilimbikitse kupanga mabatire a lithiamu-ion ku US omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri kukulitsa gawo la mphamvu.11 Bungwe la DOE likufuna kuthandizira ndalama zoyenga ndi kupanga zida za batri, malo obwezeretsanso, ndi malo ena opangira.
Ukadaulo watsopano udzasinthanso mawonekedwe a batire ya lithiamu-ion.Lilac Solutions, kampani yoyambira ku California, imapereka teknoloji yomwe imatha kubwezeretsa12 mpaka kuwirikiza kawiri lithiamu monga njira zachikhalidwe.13 Mofananamo, Princeton NuEnergy ndi chiyambi china chomwe chapanga njira yotsika mtengo, yokhazikika yopangira mabatire atsopano kuchokera ku akale.14 Ngakhale ukadaulo watsopanowu umathandizira kutsekeka kwa chain chain, sizisintha mfundo yoti kupanga batire ya lithiamu-ion kumadalira kwambiri kupezeka kwazinthu zopangira.Mfundo yaikulu idakalipo kuti kupanga lifiyamu komwe kulipo padziko lapansi kumakhazikika ku Chile, Australia, Argentina, ndi China. ukadaulo wa batri womwe sudalira zitsulo zosowa padziko lapansi.
Chithunzi 2: Zopangira Lithium Zamtsogolo
B. Mtengo
M'nkhani ina, Foley's Lauren Loew adakambirana za momwe kukwera kwamitengo ya lithiamu kumawonetsera kuchuluka kwa batire, pomwe mtengo ukukwera kuposa 900% kuyambira 2021.16 Kukwera kwamitengo uku kukupitilirabe pomwe kukwera kwamitengo kumakhalabe kokwera kwambiri.Kukwera mtengo kwa mabatire a lithiamu-ion, kuphatikiza ndi kukwera kwa mitengo, kwapangitsa kale kukwera kwamitengo yamagalimoto amagetsi.Kuti mumve zambiri za momwe kukwera kwamitengo kumakhudzidwira, onani nkhani yathu Mavuto a Inflation: Njira Zinayi Zopangira Makampani Kuti Athetse Kutsika kwa Ndalama mu Chuma Chazinthu.
Opanga zisankho adzafuna kudziwa zotsatira za kukwera kwa mitengo pamakontrakitala awo okhudza mabatire a lithiamu-ion."M'misika yokhazikitsidwa bwino yosungiramo mphamvu, monga ku US, kukwera mtengo kwapangitsa kuti opanga ena ayambe kukambirana zamitengo ndi omwe akuchotsa.Zokambiranazi zitha kutenga nthawi ndikuchedwetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa polojekiti. ”akuti Helen Kou, wothandizira kusungirako mphamvu ku kampani yofufuza BloombergNEF.17
C. Mayendedwe/Kuyaka
Mabatire a Lithium-ion amawongoleredwa ngati zinthu zowopsa pansi pa Malamulo a Zowopsa a Department of Transportation (DOT) ku US Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).Mosiyana ndi mabatire wamba, mabatire ambiri a lithiamu-ion amakhala ndi zinthu zoyaka moto ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo.Chotsatira chake, mabatire a lithiamu-ion amatha kutenthedwa ndi kuyatsa pansi pazifukwa zina, monga dera laling'ono, kuwonongeka kwa thupi, mapangidwe osayenera, kapena msonkhano.Akangowotchedwa, lithiamu cell ndi moto wa batri zingakhale zovuta kuzimitsa.18 Chotsatira chake, makampani ayenera kudziwa zoopsa zomwe zingatheke ndikuwunika njira zoyenera zodzitetezera pamene akugwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion.
Mpaka pano, palibe kafukufuku wotsimikizika kuti adziwe ngati magalimoto amagetsi amatha kuyatsa moto modzidzimutsa poyerekeza ndi magalimoto achikhalidwe.19 Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti magalimoto amagetsi ali ndi mwayi wa 0.03% wowotcha, poyerekeza ndi injini zoyaka moto pa 1.5% mwayi wowotcha. .20 Magalimoto a Hybrid-omwe ali ndi batire yamphamvu kwambiri komanso injini yoyatsira mkati-ali ndi mwayi waukulu wamoto wagalimoto pa 3.4%.21
Pa February 16, 2022, sitima yonyamula katundu yonyamula magalimoto pafupifupi 4,000 kuchokera ku Germany kupita ku United States inayaka moto panyanja ya Atlantic.22 Patangodutsa milungu iwiri, sitima yonyamula katunduyo inamira pakatikati pa nyanja ya Atlantic.Ngakhale palibe mawu ovomerezeka okhudza kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto achikhalidwe ndi magetsi omwe ali m'bwalo, magalimoto a batri a lithiamu-ion akanapangitsa kuti moto ukhale wovuta kuzimitsa.
III.Mapeto
Pamene dziko likupita ku mphamvu zoyeretsa, mafunso ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kazinthu zidzakula.Mafunsowa akuyenera kuyankhidwa mwachangu musanapange mgwirizano uliwonse.Ngati inu kapena kampani yanu mukuchita nawo zinthu zomwe mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi chinthu chakuthupi, pali zopinga zazikulu zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa posachedwa pazokambirana zokhuza kupeza zinthu zopangira ndi mitengo.Poganizira za kuchepa kwa zinthu zopangira komanso zovuta zomwe zimakhudzidwa popanga migodi ya lithiamu, makampani akuyenera kuyang'ana njira zina zopezera lithiamu ndi zigawo zina zofunika kwambiri.Makampani omwe amadalira mabatire a lithiamu-ion akuyenera kuwunika ndikuyika ndalama muukadaulo womwe ungagwire ntchito bwino pazachuma ndikukulitsa kutheka ndi kubwezeretsedwanso kwa mabatirewa kuti apewe zovuta zogulitsira.Kapenanso, makampani amatha kulowa m'mapangano azaka zambiri a lithiamu.Komabe, potengera kudalira kwambiri zitsulo zapadziko lapansi kuti apange mabatire a lithiamu-ion, makampani akuyenera kuganizira mozama za kupeza zitsulo ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingakhudze migodi ndi kuyenga, monga nkhani zadziko.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-24-2022