Hamwe nogusunika ingufu zisukuye hamwe no kongera ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, ababikora bakeneye bateri - cyane cyane bateri ya lithium-ion - kuruta mbere hose.Ingero zijyanye no kwihuta kwimodoka zikoreshwa na batiri ziri hose: Serivisi ishinzwe amaposita yo muri Amerika yatangaje nibura 40% yimodoka zayo zizakurikiraho hamwe nizindi modoka zubucuruzi zizaba imodoka zamashanyarazi, Amazon yatangiye gukoresha amamodoka yo kugemura Rivian mumijyi irenga icumi, na Walmart bakoze amasezerano yo kugura amamodoka 4.500 yo gutanga amashanyarazi.Hamwe na hamwe muri ibyo byahindutse, umurego wo gutanga bateri urakomera.Iyi ngingo izatanga ishusho rusange yinganda za batiri ya lithium-ion hamwe nibibazo bitangwa muri iki gihe bigira ingaruka kumusaruro nigihe kizaza cya batiri.
I. Incamake ya Batiri ya Litiyumu-Ion
Inganda za batiri ya lithium-ion zishingiye cyane cyane mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no kubyaza umusaruro bateri - byombi bikaba byoroshye guhungabanya amasoko.
Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion igizwe ahanini nibice bine byingenzi: cathode, anode, itandukanya, na electrolyte, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1. Ku rwego rwo hejuru, cathode (ibice bitanga ioni ya lithium) igizwe na oxyde ya lithium.1. Anode (ibice bibika lithium ion) muri rusange bikozwe muri grafite.Electrolyte nigikoresho cyemerera kugenda kubuntu bwa lithium ion igizwe numunyu, umusemburo, ninyongera.Hanyuma, gutandukanya ninzitizi yuzuye hagati ya cathode na anode.
Cathode nikintu cyingenzi kijyanye niyi ngingo kuko aha niho havuka ibibazo byo gutanga amasoko.Ibigize cathode biterwa cyane no gukoresha bateri.2
Porogaramu Ibisabwa
Terefone ngendanwa
Kamera
Mudasobwa zigendanwa Cobalt na Litiyumu
Ibikoresho by'imbaraga
Ibikoresho byubuvuzi Manganese na Litiyumu
or
Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese na Litiyumu
or
Fosifate na Litiyumu
Urebye ubwinshi bwikwirakwizwa rya terefone ngendanwa, kamera, na mudasobwa, cobalt na lithium ni ibikoresho by’ibanze bifite agaciro gakomeye mu gukora bateri ya lithium-ion kandi isanzwe ihura n’ibibazo bitangwa muri iki gihe.
Hariho ibyiciro bitatu byingenzi mugukora bateri ya lithium-ion: (1) ubucukuzi bwibikoresho fatizo, (2) gutunganya ibikoresho bibisi, (3) gukora no gukora bateri ubwabo.Kuri buri cyiciro, hariho ibibazo byo gutanga amasoko bigomba gukemurwa mugihe cyimishyikirano yamasezerano aho gutegereza ko ibibazo bivuka mugihe cyumusaruro.
II.Tanga Urunigi Ibibazo munganda za Bateri
A. Umusaruro
Kugeza ubu Ubushinwa bwiganje ku isi yose itanga amashanyarazi ya lithium-ion, itanga 79% ya bateri zose za lithium-ion zinjiye ku isoko ry’isi mu 2021.3 Igihugu gikomeje kugenzura 61% bya litiro ku isi itunganya ububiko bwa batiri n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi4 na 100% yo gutunganya ya grafite karemano ikoreshwa kuri anode ya bateri.5 Ubushinwa bwiganje mu nganda za batiri ya lithium-ion hamwe n’ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bitera impungenge haba ku masosiyete na guverinoma.
COVID-19, intambara yo muri Ukraine, hamwe n’imivurungano ya geopolitiki byanze bikunze izakomeza kugira ingaruka ku masoko atangwa ku isi.Kimwe nizindi nganda zose, urwego rwingufu rwabaye kandi ruzakomeza guhura nibi bintu.Cobalt, lithium, na nikel - ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu gukora za batiri - bahura n'ingaruka zo gutanga amasoko kubera ko umusaruro no gutunganya byibanze ku turere kandi byiganjemo inkiko zivugwa ko zibangamira umurimo n'uburenganzira bwa muntu.Kumakuru yinyongera, reba ingingo yacu kubyerekeye gucunga itangwa ryurunigi mugihe cya Geopolitiki.
Arijantine nayo iri ku isonga mu guhatanira lithium ku isi kuko kuri ubu ifite 21% by’ibigega by’isi bifite ibirombe bibiri gusa bikora.6 Kimwe n’Ubushinwa, Arijantine ifite imbaraga zikomeye mu gucukura ibikoresho fatizo kandi irateganya kwagura Ingaruka cyane murwego rwo gutanga lithium, hamwe nibirombe 13 byateganijwe kandi birashoboka ko nibindi byinshi mubikorwa.
Ibihugu by’i Burayi na byo byongera umusaruro wabyo, mu gihe Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi witeguye kuzaba uwa kabiri mu gukora bateri za lithium-ion ku isi mu 2025 hamwe na 11% by’ubushobozi bw’umusaruro ku isi.7
Nubwo hashyizweho ingufu, 8 Amerika ntabwo ifite uruhare runini mu bucukuzi cyangwa gutunganya ubutare budasanzwe.Kubera iyo mpamvu, Amerika yishingikiriza cyane ku masoko y’amahanga kugira ngo ikore bateri ya lithium-ion.Muri Kamena 2021, Minisiteri y’ingufu muri Amerika (DOE) yasohoye isubiramo ry’urwego runini rutanga amashanyarazi kandi isaba ko hashyirwaho ubushobozi bwo gutunganya no gutunganya ibikoresho byo mu gihugu ibikoresho bikomeye kugira ngo bishyigikire amashanyarazi yo mu rugo.9 DOE yemeje ko ingufu nyinshi ikoranabuhanga riterwa cyane n’amasoko y’amahanga adafite umutekano kandi adahungabana-bisaba ko hajyaho iterambere ry’imbere mu nganda za batiri.10 Mu gusubiza, DOE yasohoye amatangazo abiri yo gushaka muri Gashyantare 2022 yo gutanga miliyari 2.91 z’amadolari yo kuzamura umusaruro w’amerika muri batiri ya litiro-ion zifite akamaro kanini kuri kuzamura urwego rwingufu.11 DOE irashaka gutera inkunga inganda zo gutunganya no kubyaza umusaruro ibikoresho bya batiri, ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa, nibindi bikoresho byo gukora.
Ikoranabuhanga rishya kandi rizahindura imiterere yumusaruro wa batiri ya lithium-ion.Lilac Solutions, isosiyete ikorera muri Californiya ikorera muri Californiya, itanga ikoranabuhanga rishobora kugarura litiro zigera kuri ebyiri inshuro ebyiri nkuburyo gakondo.13 Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Princeton NuEnergy nubundi buryo bwatangije uburyo buhendutse, burambye bwo gukora bateri nshya kuva kera.14 Nubwo ubu bwoko bwa tekinolojiya mishya izoroshya urunigi rwogutanga, ntabwo bihindura ko umusaruro wa batiri ya lithium-ion ushingiye cyane kubikoresho biboneka.Umurongo wanyuma uracyariho ko lithium isanzwe ku isi yibanda cyane muri Chili, Ositaraliya, Arijantine, n'Ubushinwa.15 Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2 hepfo aha, gushingira ku bikoresho bikomoka mu mahanga birashoboka ko bizakomeza mu myaka mike iri imbere kugeza iterambere ry’iterambere tekinoroji ya batiri idashingiye ku byuma bidasanzwe byisi.
Igishushanyo 2: Inkomoko yumusaruro wa Litiyumu
B. Igiciro
Mu kiganiro cyihariye, Lauren Loew wo muri Foley yaganiriye ku buryo izamuka ry’ibiciro bya lithium ryerekana ko batiri yiyongereye, aho igiciro cyazamutse hejuru ya 900% kuva mu 2021.16 Iri zamuka ry’ibiciro rirakomeza kuko ifaranga rikomeje kuba hejuru cyane.Kuzamuka kw'ibiciro bya bateri ya lithium-ion, hamwe no guta agaciro kw'ifaranga, bimaze gutuma ibiciro by'ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi byiyongera.Ushaka amakuru yinyongera ku ngaruka ziterwa n’ifaranga ku isoko, reba ingingo yacu Ikibazo cy’ifaranga: Inzira enye zingenzi z’amasosiyete yo gukemura ikibazo cy’ifaranga mu isoko.
Abafata ibyemezo bazashaka kumenya ingaruka ziterwa nifaranga kumasezerano yabo arimo bateri ya lithium-ion.Ati: "Mu masoko yo kubika ingufu zashyizweho neza, kimwe na Amerika, ibiciro biri hejuru byatumye bamwe mu bashoramari bashaka kongera kuganira ku biciro by'amasezerano na offtakers.Iyi mishyikirano irashobora gufata igihe kandi igatinda gutangira umushinga. ”avuga ko Helen Kou, umufasha wo kubika ingufu mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi BloombergNEF.17
C. Ubwikorezi / Gukongoka
Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion igenzurwa nkibintu bishobora guteza akaga hashingiwe ku mabwiriza agenga Minisiteri ishinzwe gutwara abantu n'ibintu muri Amerika (DOT) Amabwiriza y’ibikoresho byangiza n’ishami ry’Amerika rishinzwe gutwara abantu n'ibintu hamwe n’ubuyobozi bushinzwe umutekano w’ibikoresho (PHMSA).Bitandukanye na bateri zisanzwe, bateri nyinshi za lithium-ion zirimo ibikoresho byaka kandi bifite ingufu nyinshi zidasanzwe.Nkigisubizo, bateri ya lithium-ion irashobora gushyuha no gutwika mubihe bimwe na bimwe, nkumuzunguruko mugufi, kwangirika kwumubiri, gushushanya bidakwiye, cyangwa guterana.Iyo bimaze gutwikwa, selile ya lithium na batiri birashobora kugorana kuzimya.18 Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibigo bigomba kumenya ingaruka zishobora kubaho kandi bigasuzuma ingamba zikwiye mugihe bishora mubikorwa birimo bateri ya lithium-ion.
Kugeza ubu, nta bushakashatsi bufatika bwo kumenya niba ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi bikunda kwibasirwa n’umuriro ugereranije n’ibinyabiziga gakondo.19 Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi bifite amahirwe ya 0.03% gusa yo gutwika, ugereranije na moteri gakondo yaka amahirwe 1.5% yo gutwika .20 Imodoka ya Hybrid-ifite bateri yumuriro mwinshi na moteri yaka imbere - ifite amahirwe menshi yo gutwika ibinyabiziga kuri 3.4% .21
Ku ya 16 Gashyantare 2022, ubwato bw'imizigo bwari butwaye imodoka zigera ku 4000 ziva mu Budage zerekeza muri Amerika zafashe umuriro mu nyanja ya Atalantika.22 Nyuma y'ibyumweru hafi bibiri, ubwato bw'imizigo bwarohamye hagati ya Atlantike.Nubwo nta tangazo ryemewe ryerekeranye no gusenyuka kw'imodoka gakondo n'amashanyarazi mu ndege, ibinyabiziga bya batiri ya lithium-ion byari gutuma umuriro bigora kuzimya.
III.Umwanzuro
Mugihe isi igenda igana ingufu zisukuye, ibibazo nibibazo bijyanye no gutanga amasoko biziyongera.Ibi bibazo bigomba gukemurwa vuba bishoboka mbere yo gukora amasezerano ayo ari yo yose.Niba wowe cyangwa isosiyete yawe mugira uruhare mubikorwa aho bateri ya lithium-ion igizwe nibikoresho, hariho inzitizi zikomeye zitangwa zigomba gukemurwa hakiri kare mugihe cy'imishyikirano yerekeranye no gushaka ibikoresho fatizo nibibazo byibiciro.Ukurikije ibikoresho bike biboneka hamwe ningorabahizi zigira uruhare mu guteza imbere ibirombe bya lithium, ibigo bigomba gushakisha inzira zindi zo kubona lithiyumu nibindi bice byingenzi.Ibigo bishingiye kuri bateri ya lithium-ion bigomba gusuzuma no gushora imari mu ikoranabuhanga rifite imbaraga mu bukungu kandi rikagaragaza imbaraga n’uburyo bukoreshwa muri izo bateri kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo bitangwa.Ubundi, ibigo birashobora kugirana amasezerano yimyaka myinshi ya lithium.Icyakora, urebye gushingira cyane ku byuma bidasanzwe by’ubutaka kugira ngo bitange bateri ya lithium-ion, amasosiyete agomba gutekereza cyane ku nkomoko y’ibyuma n’ibindi bibazo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro no gutunganya, nk'ibibazo bya politiki.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-24-2022