Nekusundidzira kusimba rakachena uye kuwedzera kudiwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi, vagadziri vanoda mabhatiri - kunyanya lithium-ion mabhatiri - kupfuura nakare kose.Mienzaniso yekukurumidza shanduko kuenda kumotokari dzinofambiswa nebhatiri iri kwese kwese: iyo United States Postal Service yakazivisa inokwana makumi mana muzana eiyo Inotevera Generation Delivery Mota uye dzimwe mota dzekutengesa dzichava mota dzemagetsi, Amazon yatanga kushandisa maRivian dhirivhari mumaguta anopfuura gumi nemaviri, uye Walmart yakaita chibvumirano chekutenga 4,500 magetsi ekutakura mavhani.Neimwe neimwe yeshanduko idzi, kunetsa kuri pacheni yekugovera mabhatiri kunowedzera.Ichi chinyorwa chinopa tarisiro yelithium-ion bhatiri indasitiri uye zvazvino zvekutengesa cheni nyaya dzinokanganisa kugadzirwa uye ramangwana remabhatiri aya.
I. Lithium-Ion Battery Overview
Iyo lithium-ion bhatiri indasitiri inotsamira zvakanyanya pakucherwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira uye kugadzirwa kwemabhatiri - ese ari panjodzi yekupikiswa kweketani.
Lithium-ion mabhatiri anonyanya kuumbwa nezvikamu zvina zvakakosha: cathode, anode, separator, uye electrolyte, sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Pamusoro pepamusoro, cathode (chikamu chinobudisa lithium ions) inoumbwa ne lithium oxide.1 Iyo anode (chikamu chinochengeta lithium ions) inowanzogadzirwa kubva kugraphite.Iyo electrolyte isvikiro inobvumira kufamba kwakasununguka kwe lithium ions iyo inoumbwa nemunyu, zvinonyungudutsa, uye zvinowedzera.Pakupedzisira, mupatsanuri ndiye mhedziso chipingamupinyi pakati pecathode uye anode.
Iyo cathode ndicho chinhu chakakosha chinoenderana nechinyorwa ichi nekuti ndipo panowanzoitika nyaya dzekugovera cheni.Kuumbwa kwecathode kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekushandiswa kwebhatiri.2
Zvishandiso Zvinodiwa Zvinhu
Maserura
Makamera
Laptops Cobalt uye Lithium
Power Tools
Medical Equipment Manganese uye Lithium
or
Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese uye Lithium
or
Phosphate uye Lithium
Tichifunga nezvekuwanda uye kuenderera mberi kwekuda kwemafoni matsva, makamera, uye makomputa, cobalt uye lithium ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mabhatiri mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri e-lithium-ion uye yatotarisana nekukanganiswa kweketani nhasi.
Pane matanho matatu akakosha mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri e-lithium-ion: (1) kuchera mabhatiri, (2) kukwenenzvera zvinhu, uye (3) kugadzira nekugadzira mabhatiri pachawo.Pane imwe neimwe yematanho aya, pane nyaya dzezvekutengesa dzinofanirwa kugadziriswa panguva yenhaurirano dzechibvumirano pane kumirira kuti nyaya dzisimuke panguva yekugadzirwa.
II.Supply Chain Issues mukati meBattery Industry
A. Kugadzirwa
China parizvino inotonga pasi rose lithium-ion bhatiri rekupa cheni, ichigadzira 79% yeese mabhatiri e-lithium-ion akapinda mumusika wepasi rose muna 2021.3 Nyika inoenderera mberi nekudzora 61% yepasi rose yekuchenesa lithium yekuchengetedza bhatiri uye mota dzemagetsi4 uye zana muzana yekugadziriswa. yegirafu yechisikigo inoshandiswa kugadzira anode yebhatiri.5 Chinzvimbo chikuru cheChina muindasitiri yebhatiri yelithium-ion uye yakabatana isingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi inokonzera kunetseka kumakambani nehurumende.
COVID-19, iyo hondo muUkraine, uye isingadzivisike geopolitical kusagadzikana kucharamba kuchikanganisa epasi rese ekupa cheni.Kungofanana nemamwe maindasitiri, chikamu chesimba chave uye chicharamba chichikanganiswa nezvinhu izvi.Cobalt, lithium, uye nickel - zvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri - zvinoratidzirwa kune njodzi dzekugovera nekuti kugadzirwa uye kugadzirisa kwakatarisana nenzvimbo uye kunotongwa nemasimba anonzi anotyora kodzero dzevashandi uye kodzero dzevanhu.Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ona chinyorwa chedu cheManaging Supply Chain Disruption mune Era yeGeopolitical Risk.
Argentina ndiyo iri pamberiwo pakunetsana kwenyika yose yelithium sezvo parizvino iine 21% yenzvimbo dzepasi rose dzine migodhi miviri chete iri kushanda. pesvedzero inoenderera mberi muiyo lithium supply chain, ine gumi nenhatu yakarongwa migodhi uye ingangove yakawanda yakawanda mumabasa.
Nyika dzeEurope dziri kuwedzerawo kugadzirwa kwadzo, neEuropean Union yagadzirira kuve yechipiri pakukura mabhatiri e-lithium-ion munyika panosvika 2025 ne11% yehuwandu hwekugadzira pasi rose.7
Zvisinei nekuedza kuchangobva kuitwa,8 United States haina huvepo hwakakosha mukucherwa kana kucheneswa kwesimbi isingawanzoitiki.Nekuda kweizvi, United States inovimba zvakanyanya kune dzimwe nyika kuburitsa mabhatiri e-lithium-ion.Muna Chikumi 2021, Dhipatimendi reMagetsi reUS (DOE) rakaburitsa ongororo yehukuru-hukuru hwekugovera bhatiri uye yakakurudzira kumisa kugadzirwa kwepamba uye kugona kugadzirisa kwezvinhu zvakakosha kuti zvitsigire bhatiri remukati rakazara.9 The DOE yakasarudza kuti simba rakawanda. matekinoroji anonyanya kutsamira pakusachengeteka uye kusagadzikana kwekune dzimwe nyika-zvichida kukura kwemusha kweindasitiri yemabhatiri.10 Mukupindura, iyo DOE yakapa zviziviso zviviri zvechinangwa munaFebruary 2022 kupa $2.91 bhiriyoni yekusimudzira US kugadzirwa kwe lithium-ion mabhatiri akakosha kukura chikamu chesimba remagetsi.11 The DOE inotarisira kupa mari yekunatsa nekugadzira zvirimwa zvemidziyo yebhatiri, zvivakwa zvekudzokorodza, uye zvimwe zvivakwa zvekugadzira.
Tekinoroji nyowani ichachinjawo mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwebhatiri ye lithium-ion.Lilac Solutions, kambani yeCalifornia-based startup company, inopa teknolojia inogona kudzorera12 kusvika kaviri kaviri lithiamu semaitiro echinyakare.13 Saizvozvowo, Princeton NuEnergy imwe yekutanga iyo yakagadzira nzira isingadhuri, yakagadzikana yekuita mabhatiri matsva kubva kune yekare.14 Kunyangwe iyi mhando yetekinoroji nyowani ichizorerutsira bhodhoro rekutengesa, hazvichinje chokwadi chekuti kugadzirwa kwebhatiri kwe lithium-ion kunovimba zvakanyanya nekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira.Chinokosha chinoramba chiripo kuti kugadzirwa kwelithium yepasi rose kunowanikwa muChile, Australia, Argentina, neChina.15 Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2 pasi apa, kuvimba kwezvinhu zvakatorwa kune dzimwe nyika zvinogona kuenderera mberi kwemakore mashomanana anotevera kusvikira kumwe kuvandudzwa kwe bhatiri tekinoroji isingavimbe nesimbi isingawanzo simbi.
Mufananidzo 2: Future Lithium Production Sources
B. Mutengo
Mune imwe nyaya, Foley's Lauren Loew akakurukura kuti kukwira kwemutengo welithium kunoratidza sei kuwedzera kwebhatiri kudiwa, nemutengo uchikwira kupfuura 900% kubva 2021.16 Uku kukwira kwemitengo kunoramba kuchikwira zvakanyanya.Iko kukwira kwemitengo yemabhatiri e-lithium-ion, pamwe chete nekukwira kwemitengo, kwakatokonzera kuwedzera kwemitengo yemotokari dzemagetsi.Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kukanganiswa kweinflation pacheni yekugovera, ona chinyorwa chedu Inflation Nhamo: Nzira Ina Dzakakosha Kuti Makambani Agadzirise Kukwira Kwemitengo muChain Chekutengesa.
Vanoita sarudzo vachada kuziva nezve kukanganisa kweinflation pazvibvumirano zvavo zvinosanganisira mabhatiri e-lithium-ion."Mumisika yakanyatsogadziriswa yekuchengetedza simba, seUS, mitengo yakakwira yakonzera kuti vamwe vanogadzira vatarise kutaurirana patsva mitengo yekondirakiti nevatambi.Nhaurirano idzi dzinogona kutora nguva uye kunonoka kutumirwa kweprojekiti. "anodaro Helen Kou, mubatsiri wekuchengetedza simba pakambani yekutsvakurudza BloombergNEF.17
C. Kutakura / Kupisa
Mabhatiri eLithium-ion anodzorwa sechinhu chine ngozi pasi peUS Department of Transportation's (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations neUS Department of Transportation Pipeline uye Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).Kusiyana nemabhatiri akajairwa, mazhinji mabhatiri e-lithium-ion ane zvinhu zvinopfuta uye ane simba rakanyanya kusimba.Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabhatiri e-lithium-ion anogona kupisa uye kupisa pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, akadai sepfupi pfupi, kukuvara kwemuviri, dhizaini isina kunaka, kana gungano.Kana ichinge yadzimwa, lithium cell uye moto webheteri zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kudzima.18 Somugumisiro, makambani anofanirwa kuziva nezvenjodzi dzinogona kuitika uye kuongorora matanho akakodzera paanenge achiita zvekutengeserana zvinosanganisira mabhatiri e-lithium-ion.
Kusvika iye zvino, hapana tsvakurudzo yakakwana yekuona kana motokari dzemagetsi dzinowanzoita moto unongoerekana waita zvichienzaniswa nemotokari dzechinyakare.19 Tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti motokari dzemagetsi dzine chete 0.03% mukana wekupisa, zvichienzaniswa nemagetsi emagetsi echinyakare pa1.5% mukana wekupisa. .20 Motokari dzeHybrid-dzine bhatiri rakakwirira uye injini inopisa mukati-ine mukana mukuru wemoto wemotokari pa 3.4%.21
Musi waKukadzi 16, 2022, ngarava inotakura zvinhu yakanga yakatakura motokari dzinoda kusvika 4 000 kubva kuGermany kuenda kuUnited States yakabatira moto muAtlantic Ocean.22 Anenge masvondo maviri gare gare, ngarava inotakura zvinhu yakanyura pakati peAtlantic.Kunyangwe pasina chirevo chepamutemo chekuparara kwemotokari dzechinyakare uye dzemagetsi pabhodhi, iyo lithium-ion bhatiri mota dzingadai dzakaita kuti moto uome kudzima.
III.Mhedziso
Sezvo nyika inofamba ichienda kusimba rakachena, mibvunzo uye nyaya zvinosanganisira cheni yekugovera zvichakura.Iyi mibvunzo inofanirwa kugadziriswa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira usati waita chero kontrakiti.Kana iwe kana kambani yako muchibatanidzwa mukutengeserana uko mabhatiri e-lithium-ion ari chinhu, pane zvimhingamupinyi zvakakura zvekugovera zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa munguva yenhaurirano maererano nekutsvagirwa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye nyaya dzemitengo.Tichifunga nezvekuwanika kushoma kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye kuomarara kunowanikwa mukugadzira migodhi yelithium, makambani anofanirwa kutarisa kune dzimwe nzira dzekuwana lithium nezvimwe zvakakosha zvikamu.Makambani anovimba nemabhatiri e-lithium-ion anofanirwa kuongorora nekudyara mutekinoroji inoshanda mune zvehupfumi uye inowedzera kugona uye kudzokororwa kwemabhatiri aya kudzivirira nyaya dzekutengesa.Neimwe nzira, makambani anogona kupinda muzvibvumirano zvemakore akawanda zve lithium.Zvakadaro, tichipihwa kuvimba kwakanyanya nesimbi isingawanzo kugadzirwa kugadzira mabhatiri e-lithium-ion, makambani anofanirwa kufunga zvakanyanya nezvekutsvagirwa kwesimbi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa migodhi nekunatsa, senge nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-24-2022