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Litšitiso tsa Phatlalatso Lefapheng la Matla: Liqholotso mabapi le Phepelo ea Libetri tsa Lithium-ion

Ka ho sutumelletsa matla a hloekileng le tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ea likoloi tsa motlakase, bahlahisi ba hloka libeteri - haholo-holo libeteri tsa lithium-ion - ho feta leha e le neng pele.Mehlala ea phetoho e potlakileng ea likoloi tse tsamaeang ka betri e hohle: Ts'ebeletso ea Poso ea United States e phatlalalitse bonyane 40% ea Likoloi tsa eona tsa Next Generation Delivery le likoloi tse ling tsa khoebo e tla ba likoloi tsa motlakase, Amazon e se e qalile ho sebelisa li-venine tsa lipalangoang tsa Rivian metseng e fetang leshome le metso e 'meli, mme Walmart e ile ea phethahatsa tumellano ea ho reka libene tse tsamaisang motlakase tse 4,500.Ka e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea liphetoho tsena, khatello ea phepelo ea libeteri ea matlafala.Sengoliloeng sena se tla fana ka kakaretso ea indasteri ea betri ea lithium-ion le litaba tsa morao-rao tsa phepelo tse amang tlhahiso le bokamoso ba libeteri tsena.

I. Lithium-Ion Battery Overview

Indasteri ea betri ea lithium-ion e itšetlehile haholo ka merafo ea lihlahisoa tse tala le tlhahiso ea libeteri-tseo ka bobeli li leng kotsing ea ho kena-kenana le phepelo ea thepa.

Libetri tsa lithium-ion haholo-holo li na le likarolo tse 'nè tsa bohlokoa: cathode, anode, separator, le electrolyte, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 1. Boemong bo phahameng, cathode (karolo e hlahisang lithium ions) e entsoe ka lithium oxide.1 Anode (karolo e bolokang li-ion tsa lithium) hangata e entsoe ka graphite.Electrolyte ke mokhoa o lumellang ho tsamaea ka bolokolohi ha li-ion tsa lithium tse entsoeng ka letsoai, li-solvents le li-additives.Qetellong, karohano ke mokoallo o feletseng pakeng tsa cathode le anode.

Cathode ke karolo ea bohlokoa e amanang le sengoloa sena hobane ke moo litaba tsa phepelo ea phepelo li ka hlahang haholo.Sebopeho sa cathode se itšetlehile haholo ka tšebeliso ea betri.2

Lintlha Tse Hlokehang Tsa Kopo

Liselefounu

Lik'hamera

Li-laptops tsa Cobalt le Lithium

Lisebelisoa tsa Matla

Thepa ea Bongaka Manganese le Lithium

or

Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese le Lithium

or

Phosphate le lithium

Ka lebaka la ho ata le tlhokahalo e tsoelang pele ea liselefouno tse ncha, lik'hamera le lik'homphieutha, cobalt le lithium ke lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tlhahiso ea libeteri tsa lithium-ion 'me li se li ntse li tobane le litšitiso tsa phepelo ea thepa kajeno.

Ho na le mekhahlelo e meraro ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea libeteri tsa lithium-ion: (1) merafo bakeng sa thepa e tala, (2) ho hloekisa thepa e tala, le (3) ho hlahisa le ho etsa libeteri ka botsona.Mehatong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsena, ho na le litaba tsa ketane ea phepelo tse lokelang ho rarolloa nakong ea lipuisano tsa konteraka ho fapana le ho emela hore litaba li hlahe nakong ea tlhahiso.

II.Mathata a Phatlalatso ka har'a Indasteri ea Battery

A. Tlhahiso

China hajoale e laola ketane ea phepelo ea betri ea lithium-ion lefatšeng ka bophara, e hlahisa 79% ea libeteri tsohle tsa lithium-ion tse keneng 'marakeng oa lefatše ka 2021.3 Naha e ntse e laola 61% ea ntlafatso ea lithium ea lefats'e bakeng sa polokelo ea betri le likoloi tsa motlakase4 le 100% ea ts'ebetso. ea graphite ea tlhaho e sebelisetsoang li-anode tsa betri.

COVID-19, ntoa ea Ukraine, le merusu e ke keng ea qojoa ea lipolotiki e tla tsoela pele ho ama liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e.Joalo ka indasteri efe kapa efe, lekala la eneji le ntse le angoa ebile le tla tsoela pele ho angoa ke lintlha tsena.Cobalt, lithium le nickel-lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tlhahisong ea libeteri-li pepesehetse likotsi tsa ketane ea phepelo hobane tlhahiso le ts'ebetso li tsepamisitsoe ke libaka mme li laoloa ke libaka tseo ho thoeng li hatakela litokelo tsa basebetsi le tsa botho.Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi, bona sengoloa sa rona se mabapi le Ho Laola Phallo ea Phepelo ea Phepelo nakong ea Kotsi ea Geopolitical.

Argentina e boetse e ka pele ho scramble ea lefats'e ea lithium kaha hajoale e nka karolo ea 21% ea mehloli ea lefatše e nang le merafo e 'meli feela e sebetsang. ts'usumetso ho ea pele ho ketane ea phepelo ea lithium, ka merafo e reriloeng e leshome le metso e meraro le tse ling tse ngata tse sebetsang.

Linaha tsa Europe le tsona li eketsa tlhahiso ea tsona, 'me European Union e ikemiselitse ho ba mohlahisi oa bobeli ka ho fetisisa oa libeteri tsa lithium-ion lefatšeng ka 2025 ka 11% ea matla a tlhahiso ea lefats'e.7

Ho sa tsotellehe boiteko ba morao-rao,8 United States ha e na boteng ba bohlokoa merafong kapa tlhoekisong ea litšepe tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefatše.Ka lebaka lena, United States e itšetlehile haholo ka mehloli ea kantle ho naha ho hlahisa libeteri tsa lithium-ion.Ka Phuptjane 2021, Lefapha la Matla la US (DOE) le ile la phatlalatsa tlhahlobo ea ketane ea phepelo ea betri ea boholo bo boholo 'me ea khothaletsoa ho theha bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea lehae le ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa ho ts'ehetsa ketane ea phepelo ea betri ea lapeng ka botlalo.9 The DOE e ile ea etsa qeto ea hore matla a mangata. thekenoloji e itšetlehile haholo ka mehloli e sa sireletsehang le e sa tsitsang ea linaheng tse ling-e hlokang khōlo ea lehae ea indasteri ea betri.10 E le ho arabela, DOE e ile ea fana ka litsebiso tse peli tsa morero ka February 2022 ho fana ka $ 2.91 limilione tse likete ho matlafatsa tlhahiso ea US ea libeteri tsa lithium-ion tse bohlokoa ho ho holisa lekala la eneji.11 DOE e ikemiseditse ho thusa ka ditjhelete difeme tsa ho hlwekisa le ho etsa tlhahiso bakeng sa disebediswa tsa dibetri, disebediswa tsa ho e sebedisa hape, le disebediswa tse ding tsa tlhahiso.

Theknoloji e ncha e tla boela e fetole sebaka sa tlhahiso ea betri ea lithium-ion.Lilac Solutions, k'hamphani e qalang ea California, e fana ka thekenoloji e ka khutlisetsang12 ho fihlela ho makhetlo a mabeli a lithium ho feta mekhoa e tloaelehileng.13 Ka ho tšoanang, Princeton NuEnergy ke qalo e 'ngoe e hlahisitseng mokhoa o theko e tlaase, o tsitsitseng oa ho etsa libeteri tse ncha ho tloha khale.14 Leha mofuta ona oa theknoloji e ncha o tla nolofatsa botlolo ea phepelo ea phepelo, ha e fetole taba ea hore tlhahiso ea betri ea lithium-ion e itšetlehile haholo ka ho fumaneha ha thepa e tala.Ntlha ea bohlokoa e ntse e le hore tlhahiso ea lefats'e e teng ea lithium e tsepamisitsoe haholo Chile, Australia, Argentina le Chaena.15 Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 2 ka tlase, ho itšetleha ka thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling ho ka 'na ha tsoela pele lilemong tse' maloa tse latelang ho fihlela tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele. thekenoloji ya betri e sa itshetlehang hodima dimetale tse sa tlwaelehang tsa lefatshe.

Setšoantšo sa 2: Mehloli ea Tlhahiso ea Lithium ea Bokamoso

B. Theko

Sengoliloeng se arohaneng, Foley's Lauren Loew o buile kamoo ho phahama ha theko ea lithium ho bonts'ang litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa betri, ka litšenyehelo tse nyolohang ho feta 900% ho tloha 2021.16 Ho phahama ha litheko ho ntse ho tsoela pele ha inflation e ntse e le holimo ka linako tsohle.Litšenyehelo tse ntseng li eketseha tsa libeteri tsa lithium-ion, hammoho le theko ea lichelete, li se li entse hore ho be le keketseho ea litheko tsa likoloi tsa motlakase.Bakeng sa tlhahisoleseding e eketsehileng mabapi le phello ea theko ea lichelete ho thekiso ea thepa, bona sehlooho sa rona Mathata a Inflation: Litsela Tse 'nè Tsa Bohlokoa Bakeng sa Lik'hamphani ho sebetsana le Inflation ka Letotong la Phepelo.

Baetsi ba liqeto ba tla batla ho tseba ka phello ea theko ea lichelete likonteraka tsa bona tse amanang le libeteri tsa lithium-ion."Mebarakeng e hlophisitsoeng hantle ea polokelo ea matla, joalo ka US, litšenyehelo tse phahameng li entse hore bahlahisi ba bang ba batle ho buisana bocha ka litheko tsa konteraka le ba thellang.Lipuisano tsena tse ncha li ka nka nako 'me tsa liehisa ts'ebetso ea morero. ”ho bolela Helen Kou, molekane oa polokelo ea matla k'hamphaning ea lipatlisiso BloombergNEF.17

C. Lipalangoang/Ho cha

Libetri tsa Lithium-ion li laoloa e le ntho e kotsi tlas'a Melao ea Lisebelisuoa tse Kotsi tsa Lefapha la Lipalangoang la US (DOT) ke Lefapha la United States la Liphaephe tsa Lipalangoang le Tsamaiso ea Ts'ireletso ea Lintho Tse Kotsi (PHMSA).Ho fapana le libeteri tse tloaelehileng, libeteri tse ngata tsa lithium-ion li na le lisebelisoa tse tukang 'me li na le matla a phahameng ka mokhoa o makatsang.Ka lebaka leo, libeteri tsa lithium-ion li ka chesa le ho chesa tlas'a maemo a itseng, joalo ka potoloho e khutšoanyane, tšenyo ea 'mele, moralo o sa lokelang, kapa kopano.Hang ha e chesoa, mollo oa lithium le betri ea mollo o ka ba thata ho tima.18 Ka lebaka leo, lik'hamphani li lokela ho hlokomela likotsi tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng' me li hlahlobe mehato e nepahetseng ea ho itšireletsa ha li sebetsana le litšebelisano tse amanang le libeteri tsa lithium-ion.

Ho fihlela joale, ha ho na lipatlisiso tse tiileng tsa ho fumana hore na likoloi tsa motlakase li atisa ho chesoa ka tšohanyetso ha li bapisoa le likoloi tsa setso.19 Lipatlisiso li bontša hore likoloi tsa motlakase li na le monyetla oa 0.03% feela oa ho hotetsa, ha li bapisoa le lienjineri tse tukang tse tloaelehileng ho 1.5% monyetla oa ho hotetsa. .20 Likoloi tsa Hybrid-tse nang le betri ea motlakase o phahameng le enjene e tukang e ka hare-li na le monyetla o moholo oa hore koloi e ka cha ho 3.4%.21

Ka la 16 Hlakola, 2022, sekepe sa thepa se nkileng likoloi tse ka bang 4 000 se tsoang Jeremane se eang United States se ile sa chesa Leoatleng la Atlantic.22 Hoo e ka bang libeke tse peli hamorao, sekepe sa thepa se ile sa teba bohareng ba Atlantic.Le hoja ho se na polelo ea molao mabapi le ho senyeha ha likoloi tsa setso le tsa motlakase ka sekepeng, likoloi tsa betri tsa lithium-ion li ka be li entse hore mollo o be thata ho tima.

III.Qetello

Ha lefatše le ntse le atamela matla a hloekileng, lipotso le litaba tse amang phepelo ea thepa li tla hola.Lipotso tsena li lokela ho rarolloa kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang pele ho phethahatsa konteraka leha e le efe.Haeba uena kapa k'hamphani ea hau le kenya letsoho litšebelisanong moo libeteri tsa lithium-ion e leng karolo ea thepa, ho na le litšitiso tse kholo tsa phepelo tse lokelang ho rarolloa esale pele nakong ea lipuisano mabapi le ho fumana thepa e tala le litaba tsa litheko.Ka lebaka la boteng bo fokolang ba lisebelisoa tse tala le mathata a amehang ho nts'etsopele merafo ea lithium, lik'hamphani li lokela ho sheba litsela tse ling tsa ho fumana lithium le likarolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa.Lik'hamphani tse itšetlehileng ka libeteri tsa lithium-ion li lokela ho hlahloba le ho tsetela ho thekenoloji e sebetsang hantle moruong le ho eketsa ts'ebetso le ho sebelisoa hape ha libeteri tsena ho qoba mathata a lichelete.Ntle le moo, lik'hamphani li ka kena litumellanong tsa lilemo tse ngata tsa lithium.Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ts'epo e matla ea litšepe tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefats'e ho hlahisa libeteri tsa lithium-ion, lik'hamphani li tlameha ho nahana ka botebo ka ho fumana litšepe le litaba tse ling tse ka amang merafo le tlhoekiso, joalo ka litaba tsa lipolotiki.


Nako ea poso: Sep-24-2022