IMpuma ye-Asiya yayisoloko isembindini womxhuzulane wokwenziwa kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion, kodwa ngaphakathi eMpuma ye-Asiya iziko lomxhuzulane laye latyibilika ukuya e-China ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000.Namhlanje, iinkampani zaseTshayina zibambe izikhundla eziphambili kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-lithium yehlabathi, phezulu nasezantsi, emele malunga ne-80% yokwenziwa kweeseli zebhetri ukusukela ngo-2021.1. , kwaye ngoku kwi-2020 inguqu yehlabathi jikelele kwizithuthi zombane (EVs) ibeka umoya kwiiseyile zeebhetri ze-lithium-ion.Ukuqonda iinkampani zaseTshayina ze-lithium ke ngoko kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba yintoni eyenza utyando olulindelekileyo lokwamkelwa kwe-EV.
Iziko loMxhuzulane liShiftwe lisingise eTshayina
Iimpumelelo ezininzi zeNobel Prize zakhokelela ekuthengisweni kweebhetri ze-lithium, ngokukodwa nguStanley Whittingham ngeminyaka yee-1970 kunye noJohn Goodenough ngo-1980. Nangona ezi nzame zingazange ziphumelele ngokupheleleyo, zabeka isiseko sempumelelo ebalulekileyo kaGqr Akira Yoshino ngo-1985. yenza iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zikhuseleke kwaye zisebenze ngokurhweba.Ukususela apho, iJapan yayinomlenze-up kugqatso lokuqala lokuthengisa iibhetri ze-lithium kunye nokunyuka kweSouth Korea kwenza i-East Asia ibe yindawo yoshishino.
Ngo-2015, i-China yadlula zombini i-South Korea kunye ne-Japan ukuba ibe ngumthengisi ophezulu weebhetri ze-lithium-ion.Emva kolu nyuko yayiyindibaniselwano yeenzame zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noshishino olunesibindi.Iinkampani ezimbini eziselula ngokwentelekiso, i-BYD kunye neContemporary Amperex Technology Company Limited (CATL), ziye zaba zii-trailblazers kwaye ngoku zenza phantse i-70% yomthamo webhetri eTshayina.2
Ngo-1999, injineli egama lingu Robin Zeng yanceda ekufumaneni i-Amperex Technology Limited (ATL), eyathi i-turbo yakhulisa ukukhula kwayo ngo-2003 ngokufumana isivumelwano ne-Apple yokwenza iibhetri ze-iPod.Ngo-2011, ukusebenza kwebhetri ye-EV ye-ATL kwajikwa kwiContemporary Amperex Technology Company Limited (CATL).Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2022, i-CATL ithathe i-34.8% yemarike yebhetri ye-EV yehlabathi.3
Ngo-1995, usokhemisti ogama linguWang Chuanfu wasinga emazantsi e-Shenzhen, ukuseka i-BYD.Impumelelo yokuqala ye-BYD kushishino lwe-lithium yavela kwiibhetri zokwenziwa kweeselfowuni kunye nezombane zabathengi kunye nokuthengwa kwe-BYD kwezinto ezisisigxina eBeijing Jeep Corporation kwaphawula ukuqala kohambo lwayo kwindawo yemoto.Ngo-2007, inkqubela ye-BYD yatsala amehlo eBerkshire Hathaway.Ekupheleni kwesiqingatha sokuqala se-2022, i-BYD idlule i-Tesla kwiintengiso ze-EV zehlabathi, nangona ifika kunye ne-caveat yokuba i-BYD ithengisa zombini ii-EV ezicocekileyo kunye ne-hybride, ngelixa i-Tesla igxile kuphela kwi-EVs.4 ecocekileyo.
Ukunyuka kwe-CATL kunye ne-BYD kuncediswe yinkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo.Kwi-2004, iibhetri ze-lithium zaqala ukungena kwi-ajenda yabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo baseTshayina, kunye ne "Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphuhlisa i-Automotive Industry," kwaye kamva ngo-2009 kunye no-2010 kunye nokuqaliswa kwenkxaso-mali yeebhetri kunye nezikhululo zokutshaja ii-EVs.5 Kuyo yonke i-2010, inkqubo yenkxaso-mali ebonelelwe nge-10.000 yeedola ukuya kwi-20.000 yeedola zeemoto zombane kwaye zenziwa zifumaneke kuphela kwiinkampani ezihlanganisa iimoto e-China kunye neebhetri ze-lithium-ion ezivela kubathengisi baseTshayina abavunyiweyo. Abenzi bebhetri baseTshayina lolona khetho lunomtsalane.
I-EV Adoption e-China iqhube iMfuno yeLithium
Ubunkokheli be-China kukwamkelwa kwe-EV yinxalenye yesizathu sokuba kutheni imfuno yehlabathi yeebhetri ze-lithium isanda.Ukusukela ngo-2021, iipesenti ezili-13 zezithuthi ezithengiswe eTshayina beziyi-hybrid okanye ii-EV ezimsulwa kwaye elo nani kulindeleke ukuba lonyuke.Ukukhula kwe-CATL kunye ne-BYD ibe ziingxilimbela zehlabathi phakathi kwamashumi amabini eminyaka iquka amandla ee-EVs eTshayina.
Njengoko ii-EVs zizuza ukuxhaphaka, imfuno iyashenxa kwiibhetri ezisekwe kwi-nickel zibuyela kwiibhetri ezisekelwe kwintsimbi (LFPs), ezikhe zawa phantsi ekuthandeni ukuba noxinano lwamandla olusezantsi (kungoko uluhlu oluphantsi).Ngokufanelekileyo kwi-China, i-90% yokuveliswa kweeseli ze-LFP emhlabeni jikelele isekelwe eChina.7 Inkqubo yokutshintsha ukusuka kwi-nickel-based based to LFP ayinzima, ngoko i-China iya kulahlekelwa ngokwemvelo inxalenye yayo kule ndawo, kodwa i-China ibonakala nangona kunjalo. ibekwe kakuhle ukugcina isikhundla esiphezulu kwisithuba se-LFP kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-BYD ibiqhubela phambili ne-LFP Blade Ibhetri, ephakamisa kakhulu ibha yokhuseleko lwebhetri.Ngesakhiwo esitsha sebhetri esiphucula ukusetyenziswa kwendawo, i-BYD ibonise ukuba ibhetri yeBlade ayizange iphumelele uvavanyo lokungena kwezikhonkwane, kodwa ubushushu bomhlaba buhlala bupholile ngokwaneleyo. izithuthi, ii-automakers ezinkulu ezifana neToyota kunye neTesla nazo ziceba okanye sele zisebenzisa iBlade Battery, nangona kunye noTesla ukungaqiniseki okuthile kusala malunga nokuba yimalini.9,10,11
Ngeli xesha, ngoJuni 2022 iCATL yazisa ibhetri yeQilin.Ngokungafaniyo neBattery Blade ejolise ekuguquleni imigangatho yokhuseleko, ibhetri yeQilin iyahlula ngakumbi kubuninzi bamandla kunye namaxesha okutshaja. ezibonisa ukukhula okumangalisayo kobugcisa obusemva kwezi bhetri.13,14
IiNkampani zaseTshayina ziKhusekile kwiNdawo yeQhinga kwiTyathanga loNikezo lweHlabathi
Ngelixa umsebenzi we-CATL kunye ne-BYD kwisithuba se-EV ubalulekile, ubukho obukhulu be-China kumacandelo angasentla akufuneki ukuba bungahoywa.Isabelo sengonyama semveliso ye-lithium ekrwada yenzeka e-Australia nase-Chile, enesabelo sehlabathi se-55% kunye ne-26%.Kwi-upstream, i-China kuphela i-akhawunti ye-14% yemveliso ye-lithium yehlabathi.
Inkqubo yokuthenga iqhutywa ngabenzi beebhetri kunye nabasebenzi basezimayini ngokufanayo.Imizekelo embalwa ephawulekayo ngo-2021 iquka i-Zijin Mining Group ye-765mn yokuthengwa kwe-Tres Quebradas kunye ne-CATL ye-$ 298mn yokuthenga i-Cauchari East kunye ne-Pastos Grandes, zombini e-Argentina. e-Argentina ngexabiso lentengo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-962mn.17 Ngokulula, i-lithium iyisithako esibalulekileyo emva kwe-revolution eluhlaza kunye neenkampani zaseTshayina zizimisele ukutyalomali kwi-lithium ukuqinisekisa ukuba azishiywanga.
Ugcino lwamandla lubonisa okunokwenzeka phakathi kwemingeni yokusingqongileyo
Izibophelelo zase-China zokufikelela kwincopho yokukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo ngo-2030 kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060 yinxalenye yento eqhuba imfuno yokwamkelwa kwe-EV.Esinye isithako esiphambili kwimpumelelo yeenjongo ezihlaziyiweyo zaseTshayina kukwamkelwa kobugcisa bokugcina amandla.Ukugcinwa kwamandla kuhamba kunye neeprojekthi zamandla avuselelekayo kwaye yiyo loo nto urhulumente waseTshayina ngoku egunyazisa i-5-20% yokugcina amandla ukuba ahambe kunye neeprojekthi zamandla avuselelekayo.Ugcino lubalulekile ukugcina ukucuthwa, oko kukuthi ukunciphisa ngabom kwimveliso yombane ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemfuno okanye iingxaki zothumelo, ubuncinci.
Ukugcinwa kwe-hydro pumped okwangoku kungumthombo omkhulu wokugcina amandla kunye ne-30.3 GW ukususela ngo-2020, nangona kunjalo malunga ne-89% ye-non-hydro storage ngokusebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion. iibhetri zifaneleke ngcono kugcino lwexesha elifutshane, nto leyo efunekayo kuhlaziyo.
I-China ngoku imalunga ne-3.3GW kuphela yomthamo wokugcina amandla ebhetri kodwa inezicwangciso zokwandisa okukhulu.Ezi zicwangciso zichazwe ngokucacileyo kwi-14 yeminyaka emihlanu yeSicwangciso sokuGcinwa kwaMandla esakhutshwa ngo-Matshi 2022.20 Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zesicwangciso kukunciphisa iindleko zeyunithi yokugcina amandla nge-30% ngo-2025, eya kuvumela ukugcinwa. ukuba ibe lukhetho olunqwenelekayo ngokwezoqoqosho.21 Ngaphaya koko, phantsi kwesicwangciso, iState Grid inethemba lokongeza i-100GW kwindawo yokugcina ibhetri ngo-2030 ukuxhasa ukukhula okuvuselelekayo, okuya kwenza ukuba iinqanawa zokugcina iibhetri zaseTshayina zibe zezona zikhulu emhlabeni, nangona ziphambi kancinci. i-US ekucingelwa ukuba ibe ne-99GW.22
Ukuqukumbela
Iinkampani zaseTshayina sele ziguqule ikhonkco lokubonelela nge-lithium yehlabathi, kodwa ziyaqhubeka nokwenza izinto ezintsha ngokukhawuleza.Njengobungqina bokubaluleka kwazo kwishishini, ukusukela nge-18 ka-Agasti ka-2022, iinkampani zaseTshayina zenze i-41.2% yeSolactive Lithium Index, esisalathiso esenzelwe ukulandelela ukusebenza kwezona nkampani zinkulu kunye nezona zininzi zisebenza kulwelo olusebenzayo kuphononongo kunye. / okanye imigodi ye-lithium okanye imveliso yeebhetri ze-lithium. ukusuka 105000 RMB ukuya 475500 RMB phakathi Aug 20, 2021 kunye Aug 19, 2022, ephawula ukunyuka kwe-357%.25 Ngamaxabiso e-lithium carbonate phezulu okanye kufuphi nokuphakama kwembali, iinkampani zaseShayina ngokwendalo zikwimeko yokuzuza.
Lo mkhwa kumaxabiso e-lithium uncede zombini izitokhwe zaseTshayina kunye ne-US ezinxulumene neebhetri kunye ne-lithium zigqithise i-indices eguquguqukayo yemarike ebanzi phakathi kweemeko zemarike ezimbi;phakathi kwe-Aug 18, 2021 kunye ne-18 Aug, i-2022, i-MSCI yaseChina Zonke izabelo I-IMI Khetha i-Batteries Index ibuyisele i-1.60% ngokumelene ne-22.28% ye-MSCI yaseChina Zonke izabelo ze-Index.26 Enyanisweni, ibhetri yaseTshayina kunye nezixhobo zebhetri eziphathekayo zigqithise i-lithium stocks global, njengoko i-MSCI yaseTshayina Zonke izabelo ze-IMI Khetha iiBatteries Index zibuyise i-1.60% ngokuchasene neSolactive Global Lithium Index yokuthumela imbuyekezo ye-0.74% ngexesha elifanayo.27
Sikholelwa ukuba amaxabiso e-lithium aya kuhlala ephakamile kule minyaka izayo, esebenza njengentloko enokubakho kubenzi beebhetri.Ndijonge phambili, nangona kunjalo,Ukuphuculwa kwe-lithium battery tachnology kunokwenza ii-EVs zombini zifikeleleke kwaye zisebenze, ezinokuthi zikhulise imfuno ye-lithium.Ngenxa yempembelelo yaseTshayina kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-lithium, silindele ukuba iinkampani zaseTshayina zidlale indima ebalulekileyo kwishishini le-lithium kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-05-2022