Ngokuphusha kumandla ahlanzekile kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sezimoto zikagesi, abakhiqizi badinga amabhethri - ikakhulukazi amabhethri e-lithium-ion - kunangaphambili.Izibonelo zoshintsho olusheshayo oluya ezimotweni ezisebenza ngamabhethri zikhona yonke indawo: Inkonzo Yeposi yase-United States imemezele okungenani u-40% we-Next Generation Delivery Vehicles nezinye izimoto zezentengiselwano kuzoba izimoto zikagesi, i-Amazon isiqalile ukusebenzisa amaveni okulethwa eRivian emadolobheni angaphezu kweshumi nambili, futhi i-Walmart yenza isivumelwano sokuthenga amaveni okudiliva ugesi angu-4,500.Ngalunye lwalokhu kuguqulwa, ubunzima ochungechungeni lokunikezela ngamabhethri luyaqina.Lesi sihloko sizohlinzeka ngokubukezwa kwemboni yebhethri ye-lithium-ion kanye nezindaba zamanje ze-supply chain ezithinta ukukhiqizwa nekusasa lalawa mabhethri.
I. Ukubuka konke Kwebhethri ye-Lithium-Ion
Imboni yebhethri ye-lithium-ion incike kakhulu ekumbiweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamabhethri—womabili asengozini yokuphazamiseka kwe-supply chain.
Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion ngokuyinhloko ahlanganisa izingxenye ezine ezibalulekile: i-cathode, i-anode, isihlukanisi, ne-electrolyte, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Ezingeni eliphezulu, i-cathode (ingxenye ekhiqiza i-lithium ion) yenziwe nge-lithium oxide.1 I-anode (ingxenye egcina i-lithium ion) ngokuvamile yenziwa nge-graphite.I-electrolyte iyi-medium evumela ukunyakaza okukhululekile kwe-lithium ion eyakhiwe usawoti, i-solvents, nezithasiselo.Ekugcineni, isihlukanisi siwumgoqo ophelele phakathi kwe-cathode ne-anode.
I-cathode iyisici esibalulekile esihambisana nalesi sihloko ngoba yilapho izinkinga ze-supply chain zingase ziphakame khona.Ukwakheka kwe-cathode kuncike kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwebhethri.2
Izinto Ezidingekayo Zohlelo
Omakhalekhukhwini
Amakhamera
Amalaptops eCobalt neLithium
Amathuluzi Amandla
Izisetshenziswa Zezokwelapha I-Manganese ne-Lithium
or
I-Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese ne-Lithium
or
I-Phosphate ne-Lithium
Uma kubhekwa ukusabalala kanye nesidingo esiqhubekayo samaselula amasha, amakhamera, namakhompyutha, i-cobalt ne-lithium yizinto zokusetshenziswa eziyigugu kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amabhethri e-lithium-ion futhi sezivele zibhekene nokuphazamiseka kwe-supply chain namuhla.
Kunezigaba ezintathu ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amabhethri e-lithium-ion: (1) ukumba amabhethri, (2) ukucwenga izinto ezingavuthiwe, kanye (3) nokukhiqiza nokwenza amabhethri ngokwawo.Kuzo zonke lezi zigaba, kunezinkinga ze-supply chain okufanele zidingidwe ngesikhathi sezingxoxo zenkontileka kunokulinda ukuthi kuvele izinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
II.Izinkinga Zochungechunge Lokuhlinzeka Ngaphakathi Kwemboni Yebhethri
A. Ukukhiqiza
I-China njengamanje iphethe uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwebhethri le-lithium-ion emhlabeni jikelele, ikhiqiza ama-79% awo wonke amabhethri e-lithium-ion angena emakethe yomhlaba ngo-2021.3 Izwe liphinde lilawule u-61% wokucwengiswa kwe-lithium emhlabeni jikelele wokugcina amabhethri nezimoto zikagesi4 kanye ne-100% yokucubungula. yegraphite yemvelo esetshenziselwa ama-anode ebhethri.5 Isikhundla esiphezulu saseShayina embonini yebhethri ye-lithium-ion nezinto ezihambisana nazo ezingavamile zomhlaba kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka kokubili ezinkampanini nakohulumeni.
I-COVID-19, impi yase-Ukraine, kanye nezinxushunxushu ezingenakugwemeka ze-geopolitical zizoqhubeka nokuthinta amaketanga okuhlinzeka emhlabeni jikelele.Njenganoma iyiphi enye imboni, umkhakha wezamandla ubelokhu futhi usazoqhubeka nokuba nomthelela kulezi zici.I-cobalt, i-lithium, ne-nickel—izinto ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri—zivezwa ezingozini ze-supply chain ngoba ukukhiqizwa nokucubungula kugxilwe ngokwendawo futhi kubuswa iziphathimandla okusolwa ukuthi zephula amalungelo abasebenzi namalungelo abantu.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, bheka isihloko sethu esithi Ukuphatha Ukuphazamiseka Kwe-Supply Chain Esikhathini Sengozi Yendawo Yezepolitiki.
I-Argentina iphinde ibe sekhaleni lokufuna i-lithium emhlabeni wonke njengoba njengamanje ibamba u-21% wezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo ezinezimayini ezimbili kuphela ezisebenzayo. kunomthelela othuthukisiwe ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwe-lithium, ngezimayini ezihleliwe eziyishumi nantathu kanye namathuba amaningi okungeziwe emisebenzini.
Amazwe ase-Europe nawo andisa ukukhiqizwa kwawo, kanti i-European Union isilungele ukuba ngumkhiqizi wesibili omkhulu wamabhethri e-lithium-ion emhlabeni ngo-2025 nge-11% yomthamo wokukhiqiza emhlabeni jikelele.7
Naphezu kwemizamo yakamuva,8 i-United States ayinabo ubukhona obubalulekile ezimayini noma ekucwengisweni kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile.Ngenxa yalokhu, i-United States ithembele kakhulu emithonjeni yangaphandle ukukhiqiza amabhethri e-lithium-ion.NgoJuni 2021, uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (i-DOE) ushicilele isibuyekezo sochungechunge lokuphakelwa kwebhethri elikhulu futhi watusa ukuthi kusungulwe amandla okukhiqiza asekhaya nokucubungula izinto ezibalulekile ukuze kusekelwe uchungechunge lokuphakelwa kwamabhethri asekhaya ngokugcwele.9 I-DOE inqume ukuthi amandla amaningi ubuchwepheshe buncike kakhulu emithonjeni yangaphandle engavikelekile futhi engazinzile-okudinga ukukhula kwasekhaya kwemboni yamabhethri.10 Ukuphendula, i-DOE ikhiphe izaziso ezimbili zenhloso ngoFebhuwari 2022 ukuhlinzeka ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.91 ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-lithium-ion yase-US ebalulekile ukukhulisa umkhakha wezamandla.11 I-DOE ihlose ukuxhasa ngezimali izimboni zokucwenga nokukhiqiza izinto zebhethri, izindawo zokugaywa kabusha, nezinye izinsiza zokukhiqiza.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi buzoshintsha indawo yokukhiqizwa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion.I-Lilac Solutions, inkampani yokuqala yaseCalifornia, inikeza ubuchwepheshe obungakwazi ukubuyisela12 kuze kube kabili i-lithium ephindwe kabili kunezindlela zendabuko.13 Ngokufanayo, i-Princeton NuEnergy ingenye isiqalo esisungule indlela engabizi, eqhubekayo yokwenza amabhethri amasha kusuka kwakudala.14 Yize lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe obusha luzodambisa ibhodlela le-supply chain, alishintshi iqiniso lokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion kuncike kakhulu ekutholakaleni kwempahla yomthombo ongahluziwe.Okubalulekile kusasele ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-lithium okukhona emhlabeni wonke kugxile eChile, e-Australia, e-Argentina nase-China.15 Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2 ngezansi, ukuthembela ezintweni ezitholakala kwamanye amazwe cishe kuzoqhubeka eminyakeni embalwa ezayo kuze kube yilapho kuthuthukiswa okunye. ubuchwepheshe bebhethri obungancikile ezinsimbini zomhlaba ezingavamile.
Umfanekiso 2: Imithombo Yokukhiqiza I-Lithium Yesikhathi esizayo
B. Inani
Esihlokweni esihlukile, uLauren Loew kaFoley uxoxe ngokuthi ukunyuka kwentengo ye-lithium kubonisa kanjani ukukhuphuka kwezidingo zebhethri, nezindleko ezikhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-900% kusukela ngo-2021.16 Lokhu kunyuka kwentengo kuyaqhubeka njengoba ukwehla kwamandla emali kuhlala kuphezulu kakhulu.Izindleko ezikhulayo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion, okuhambisana nokwehla kwamandla emali, sekuvele kubangele ukunyuka kwamanani entengo yezimoto zikagesi.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngomthelela wokwehla kwamandla emali ku-supply chain, bheka isihloko sethu esithi I-Inflation Woe: Izindlela Ezine Eziyinhloko Zezinkampani Zokubhekana Nokwehla kwamandla emali ku-Supply Chain.
Abenzi bezinqumo bazofuna ukuqaphela umthelela wokwehla kwamandla emali ezinkontilekeni zabo ezibandakanya amabhethri e-lithium-ion.“Ezimakethe ezimiswe kahle zokugcina amandla, njenge-US, izindleko eziphezulu ziholele ekutheni abanye onjiniyela bafune ukuphinde baxoxisane ngezintengo zenkontileka nabakhiphi.Lezi zingxoxo kabusha zingathatha isikhathi futhi zibambezele ukugunyazwa kwephrojekthi. ”kusho uHelen Kou, umlingani wokugcina amandla enkampanini yocwaningo i-BloombergNEF.17
C. Ezokuthutha/Ukuvutha
Amabhethri e-lithium-ion alawulwa njengento eyingozi ngaphansi kwe-US Department of Transportation's (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations nguMnyango Wezokuthutha Wase-US kanye Nokulawulwa Kwezokuphepha Ezintweni Eziyingozi (PHMSA).Ngokungafani namabhethri ajwayelekile, amabhethri amaningi e-lithium-ion aqukethe izinto ezivuthayo futhi anomthamo omkhulu wamandla ngendlela emangalisayo.Ngenxa yalokho, amabhethri e-lithium-ion angashisa futhi ashise ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengokujikeleza okufushane, ukulimala ngokomzimba, ukuklama okungalungile, noma ukuhlanganisa.Uma sekushisiwe, umlilo we-lithium cell kanye nebhethri kungaba nzima ukuwucisha.18 Ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani zidinga ukuqaphela izingozi ezingase zibe khona futhi zihlole izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele lapho zibandakanyeka ekuhwebeni okubandakanya amabhethri e-lithium-ion.
Kuze kube manje, alukho ucwaningo oluphelele lokunquma ukuthi izimoto zikagesi zivame ukusha ngokuzenzekelayo uma ziqhathaniswa nezimoto zendabuko.19 Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izimoto zikagesi zinethuba elingu-0.03% lokuvutha, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini ezivuthayo zendabuko ku-1.5% ithuba lokuvutha. .20 Izimoto ezihlanganisiwe—ezinebhethri lamandla kagesi aphezulu kanye nenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi—zinethuba elikhulu kakhulu lokusha kwezimoto ku-3.4%.21
Ngo-February 16, 2022, umkhumbi wezimpahla owawuthwele izimoto ezingaba ngu-4 000 usuka eJalimane uya e-United States washa e-Atlantic Ocean.22 Cishe ngemva kwamasonto amabili, umkhumbi wezimpahla wacwila phakathi ne-Atlantic.Nakuba singekho isitatimende esisemthethweni mayelana nokuwohloka kwezimoto zendabuko nezikagesi ebhodini, izimoto zebhethri ze-lithium-ion bezingenza umlilo ube nzima ukucisha.
III.Isiphetho
Njengoba umhlaba uphokophele emandleni ahlanzekile, imibuzo nezindaba ezibandakanya uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka zizokhula.Le mibuzo kufanele ixazululwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokwenza noma iyiphi inkontileka.Uma wena noma inkampani yakho nihileleke ekuhwebeni lapho amabhethri e-lithium-ion eyingxenye ebalulekile, kunezithiyo ezinkulu ze-supply chain okufanele zixazululwe kusenesikhathi phakathi nezingxoxo ezimayelana nokutholwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe nezinkinga zentengo.Ngenxa yokutholakala okulinganiselwe kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nobunzima obuhilelekile ekuthuthukiseni izimayini ze-lithium, izinkampani kufanele zibheke ezinye izindlela zokuthola i-lithium nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile.Izinkampani ezithembele kumabhethri e-lithium-ion kufanele zihlole futhi zitshale izimali kubuchwepheshe obusebenza ngokwezomnotho futhi zikhulise ukusebenza nokusebenza kabusha kwalawa mabhethri ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga zokuthengwa kwempahla.Kungenjalo, izinkampani zingangena ezivumelwaneni zeminyaka eminingi ze-lithium.Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ukuncika okukhulu ezinsimbini zomhlaba ezingavamile ukukhiqiza amabhethri e-lithium-ion, izinkampani kufanele zicabangele kakhulu ukutholakala kwezinsimbi nezinye izindaba ezingase zithinte izimayini nokucwengwa, njengezinkinga zezwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-24-2022